Proposal for Health Promotion Framework

Proposal for Health Promotion Framework Topic: Alcohol The purpose is to propose a health promotion framework Background of the program: Alcohol is one of the topics covered by the health promotion agency. The health promotion agency runs programs like no beersies, say yeah, nah, levy on alcohol ,dont know? dont drink.these programs have recognized the adverse effects on consumption of alcohol and therefore promote reduction or complete stoppage on its intake . Dont know? Dont drink, focuses on pregnant women or women who have the slightest doubt of being pregnant. There is no known safe limit or known safe time which would allow the women to have alcohol without causing harm to the developing fetus. Alcohol crosses the blood brain barrier causing a number of birth defects like low birth weight, distinctive facial features, heart defects, behavior problems, intellectual disability . Dont know? Dont drink is an evidence based program which works in all sectors adding to health and well being of the population. This program works by promoting health and well being, enabling health promoting initiatives and environments, informing health promoting policy and practice. Similarly the other programs like no beersies and say yeah, nah,are giving their contribution towards the reduction of consumption of alcohol. Description The intervention recognizes alcohol consumption as a community problem. According to Ottawa charter, strengthening community actions is defined as expanding the resources and capacities of community to make decision and take collective action to increase their control over determinants of their health.(D.Fry and A.Zak.2016). it gives opportunities to bring the people together of the community. This can be done by providing resources by which the people can take decisions and participate collectively. Te pa mahutonga is a health promotion model , promoting the health of maori. It promotes healthy lifestyles for the maori population. Alcohol is a risk factor and risk factors impose threat to a healthy lifestyle. A large number of maori population whether young or old is surrounded by the risk laden life style. In order to reduce the risk and to lead a healthy lifestyle, the harm should be minimized, the interventions should be targeted, management of risk, relevance of culture and positive development.(m.durie,1999) This program gives an equal amount of chance of participation and is based on the equity principle whose goal is to create an environment where everyone like people coming from all income group, ethnicity have access to good health.( Tones, K., Tilford, S. 2001) This program gives an individual an option of participation thus giving him empowerment, and allowing the individual to take their own decision. The general and the maori population will be equally benefited if there is equal amount of participation and equal amount of opportunity. This is based on the equity principle of health promotion ..( Tones, K., Tilford, S. 2001) The targeted population is based on equity principle Question 9 is also based on te pae mahutongas principle of healthy lifestyles. Ottawa charter explains the principle of Building healthy public policy which that means advocating for, establishing and/or implementing explicit actions by government (international ,national ,state or local). According to Geoffrey Rose, population based interventions have the ability detect the determents of health on a large scale.(2001). Te pae mahutongas principles of healthy lifestyle is also applicable. Question 11 relates to creating supportive environment from ottwa charter, by creating ways and means through which health is supports and protected from any social or environmental hazards. Approach to community falls under the principle of developing personal skills and criteria on lessons for program effectiveness of ottawa charter. Application: 1) yes. This intervention brings the community together through run a promotion and helps the individual in takeing decisions. 2) yes. The program does help maori population for better health care but more focus is needed to be given on this as it specifically does not do so. 3) yes. The program gives opportunity to general as well as maori to participate actively . There are equal opportunities for general and maori population but still more focus is to be added on to the maori population considering them as the minority. 4) yes 5) may be. it will depend on the amount of participation. 6) the general population is more benefited since their involvement is more. Also the promotion strategies used does not show maori involvement, which could be a reason as they cannot relate to it. 7) the targeted population, in this case the pregnant women will be benefited since they will be aware and avoid consumption of alcohol after knowing its ill effects. Dont know? dont drink program focuses on women who are pregnant or other women who have the smallest chance of being pregnant. So this program will indeed benefit the targeted population of women. 8) yes. 9) yes. Programs like no beersies, say yeah,nah, focus on the lifestyle in which people are living. It gives ways and means by which we can avoid having alcohol and still be surrounded by the same peers Programs like no beersies and say yeah, nah campaign for the reduction in consumption of alcohol in such a way that they stay in their group and can still avoid drinking alcohol. So a person need not necessarily drink just for being with his mates 10) yes. By reducing the intake of alcohol, the amount of drink and drive cases will be reduced thus saving lives. 11) yes. 12) the program address the people by promoting, enabling and informing 13) yes. 14) yes. there are on researches which are then later implemented. 15) no Conclusion: Overall it can be seen that most of the programs satisfy the health promotion models of Ottawa charter and te pae mahutonga as well as the principles of health promotion however, there should still be emphasis on maori health approach and on building healthy public health policy. Reference: D. Fry and A. Zack, (may 19,2016). applying the Ottawa charter to inform health promotion programme design.health promotion international, daw022. Durie, M. (1999, December). Te Pae Mahutonga: A model for Maori health promotion. In Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand Newsletter (Vol. 49, No. 2-5). Tones, K., Tilford, S. (2001). Health promotion: effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Nelson Thornes. Rose, G. (2001). Sick individuals and sick populations. International journal of epidemiology, 30(3), 427-432. Appendix Does this intervention bring the community together? Does this intervention help the maori population to better health care? Does this program give an equal opportunity of chance to all for participation? Does this intervention give choices to the population? Are the general population and maori population equally benefited? Who is most benefited? How will this intervention benefit the targeted population? Is this intervention accessible? Does this intervention focus on altering the lifestyle in which people are living? Does the aim of the program help in protecting against any hazards? Does the motivated persons behavior influence others as well? By what means does the program approach to the community? Are the programs carried out by this intervention based on any evidence? Is the intervention supported by any government policy? Does the intervention focus on building healthy public health policy?

Globalization Phenomena

Introduction The speed of globalization phenomena has created an impact not only in the economic, social and political dimensions of human life, but also in the area of education (see Winarti, 2011). As companies become multinational, people become more mobile and vice-versa. This requires schools and teachers to able to accommodate children from various backgrounds and prepare them for life in a complex and diverse world.Responding to that complexity, the Partnership for 21st Century Skills (http://www.p21.org/) indicates that the basic knowledge expected by students in this new millennium should include: English Language, Reading Comprehension, Writing English, Mathematics, Science, Government/Economics, Humanities/Arts, Foreign Languages, History/Geography. Meanwhile, the applied skills needed are critical thinking/problem solving, oral communication, written communication, teamwork/collaboration, diversity appreciation, information technology application, leadership, creativity/innovation, lifelong learning/self-direction, professionalism/work ethics, and ethics/social responsibility. While those 21st century skills are urgently required by the modern students, these requirements are often challenging for future Indonesian teachers studying in elementary school teacher education programs. Years of learning experience under the centralized government has resulted in the students being in the mode of the blue collar workers' mentality, requiring detailed instructions for every single project (see Winarti, 2012). Â   Being in such a condition, the researcher, who is simultaneously a lecturer with curriculum development responsibilities, was motivated to introduce emancipatory education, which is known to be used widely in developing countries (see Gerdes, 1985; Gordon, 1986; Zeuner, 2013), to deal with the gap between the required and the present mode of teaching and learning. This type of liberation education was introduced in the Curriculum and Learning Development course, which is a compulsory subject for future teachers, especially future elementary school teachers known in Indonesia as the student teachers of Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar (PGSD). For a detailed description of this study's theoretical framework, the sections that follow discuss the concepts and goals of emancipatory education and the design of the PGSD Curriculum and Learning Development course. The article, then, considers research methods, results and discussion, conclusions and recommendations.

The Effects of Various DDT Residue Levels Found in Infants via Breast Milk

The effects of assorted DDT residue degrees found in babies via chest milk sing their overall wellness hazard and safety, for malarial bar in developing states. Malaria is known to be a dangerous disease transmitted to people via bites of septic mosquitoes, and besides really common in insanitary environments. For malarial bar, a relentless insect powder called DDT was used worldwide as a inexpensive and effectual agencies of vector control ( Walter et. Al, 2005 ) . An acceptable sum of DDT is by and large non toxic to worlds, but it was banned in 2001, chiefly for ecological grounds ( Walter et. Al, 2005 ) . Some researches have shown that exposure of DDT at needful sums for malarial control, can do pre-term birth and early ablactation in in order to cut down infant mortality from malaria ( Walter et. Al, 2005 ) . As Indoor Residual Spraying ( IRS ) of insect powders tends to be the lone feasible option to eliminate malaria in certain states, an exposure to occupants and babies which is of higher hazard, is difficult to forestall ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ; Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) .This exposure of DDT to babies was through chest milk which in some instances found exceeds the acceptable consumption degrees, thereby potentially consequences to infant mortality ( Bouwman et. Al, 2009 ) . With appraisal and consideration of World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme ( WHOPES ) , safety and hazards of these chemicals was taken into history for tolerable and acceptable steps ( Bouwman et. Al, 2009 ) . Assorted surveies have shown that the consumptions exceed maximal acceptable degrees of consumption induces inauspicious effects on babies, which have been convincingly proven to be a menace to encephalon and endocrinal systems ( Azeredo et al. , 2008 ; Bouwamn et al. , 2009 ; Walter et al. , 2005 ) . It is during the chest eating period that any baby may be exposed to the highest lifetime concentration of insect powders, hence pregnant and/or female parents, babies and yearlings are largely prone to wellness hazard in developing states with high malarial infection rates ( Bouwman et. Al, 2009 ) .This paper will concentrate on DDT residue degrees found in human breastmilk from malaria infected countries such as South Africa and Brazil, and placental transportation of DDT in mother-infant braces from Northern Thailand. The end was to analyze the exposure and consumption of DDT residue degrees by babies in chest milk associated with hormone and neurological effects Methods Participants Harmonizing to the research survey done by Bouwman et Al. ( 2006 ) , a sum of 152 female parents successfully donated at clinics situated in Ubombo and Ngwavuma territories of the Northern parts of the Kwazulu-Natal Province of South Africa. However, merely around 10 female parents from Mkuze did non take part. None of them had any inadvertent exposure to pesticides, except for working on farm lands or through malarial control. Bouwman et Al. ( 2006 ) mentioned that the cognition known by these female parents sing pesticide usage and safety was limited. There were no important differences ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) for maternal age, between para I and multiparae ages in the three towns ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ) . Besides, there were no important differences between the ages of the babies of these female parents, and degrees of milk fat between any of the groups ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ) . In another survey made by Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) at Medeira River basin in Brazil, they have collected a sum of 69 different breastmilk samples. These samples were collected through broad oral cavity flasks and stored in deep-freeze for farther analysis. Similar nutrient diets were taken by these female parents, chiefly based on cassava flour, some fruits, and majorly fish ingestion ( Azeredo et al. , 2008 ) . Notably, Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) reported that fish ingestion was a chief beginning of DDT to worlds, due to taint and exposure of DDT on fishes. In add-on, they assessed that there were no pesticide usage in Amazonian agribusiness, and no female parent was prior exposed to DDT. Last, from the survey tested by Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) on Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane degrees through placental transportation from female parent to infant in Chiang Dao ( Thailand ) , a sum of 88 pregnant adult females who had normal bringing and full term gestation were taken as the studied topics. Hence, sum of 88 cord and maternal serum samples were examined utilizing gas chromatography-electron gaining control sensing ( GC-ECD ) . Materials and Procedure All surveies followed similar process in sample aggregation, analysis and statistical comparings. The aggregation of milk samples were put manually into glass beakers ( Azeredo et al.,2008 ; Bouwman et al. , 2005 ) . However, Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) collected 10 milliliter of maternal blood extracted by venipuncture about 2 to 5 hours prior to being sent to bringing room, and 12 milliliter of cord blood taken after bringing. The milk samples were so put under stop deading procedure and stored until analysis. After deicing the milk samples, analysis measure was assessed. Here, deproteinised was done by utilizing 30 mL propanone and extracted with n-hexane in African samples ( Bouwman et al. , 2005 ) . However in Brazil samples, homogenisation was done by hot bath at 37Â °C anterior to analysis, and deproteinization procedure occurred utilizing 10 mL propanone and extraction with 10 milliliters n-hexane ( Azeredo et al.,2008 ) . On all three surveies, DDT residues found were analyzed utilizing gas chromatography-electron gaining control sensing ( GC-ECD ) . DDT compounds were categorized in 5 constituents such asP, P-DDE ( 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) ethene ) ,P, P-DDT ( 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) C2H6 ) ,P, P-DDD ( 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis ( p-chlorophenyl ) C2H6 ) ,O, P-DDE ( 1,1-dichloro-2- ( o-chlorophenyl ) -2- ( p-chlorophynyl ) ethene ) , andO, P-DDT ( 1,1,1-trichloro-2- ( o-chlorophenyl ) -2- ( pchlorophynyl ) C2H6 ) ( Azeredo et al.,2008 ; Bouwman et al. , 2005 ; Sapbamrer et al. , 2008 ) . Quality control method specifically method-detection bounds was so completed for analyses on chromatograms and standard divergence between group samples to detect any significances. Finally statistical comparings were laid out between sample groups to find any significance on degrees of DDT found in breastmilk and mother-infant blood samples. Consequences Bouwman et Al. ( 2006 ) yielded consequences from samples that indicate all African female parents contain DDT residues in their breastmilk. Specifically, the metabolite nowadays in all these DDT compound found in the breastmilk samples wasP, P-DDE. All female parents had noticeable sums ofP, P-DDT, except for 2 from para I group signifier Mkuze, but non all of them had noticeable sums ofP, P-DDD. The degrees of O, P-DDT, DDE, and DDD were lower than the P, P degrees, which was expected. Overall, the entire DDT per centum obtained was highest in Jozini multiparae ( 42.65 % ) compared to Mkuze para I which had low Numberss due to really few participants accounted at that place. Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) found that all samples contained DDT taint, as evident from the figure below. The DDT metabolites ranged from 25.4 to 9361.9 nanograms of entire DDT/g lipoid, with a median of 369.6 nanograms of entire DDT/g of lipid and 8.7 of estimated day-to-day consumption ( EDI ) of entire DDT exceeded the acceptable day-to-day consumption by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The highest value of DDT observed was 9361.9 nanogram, taken from a primapara female parent of 27 old ages of age. Note. This is where the writers show that all samples collected in Madeira River ( Brazil ) contain DDT, runing from 25.4-9361.9 nanogram of entire DDT/g lipoid. Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) has besides shown that all cord and maternal blood samples extracted contain DDT compounds. This can be shown from the tabular array 1 below, majorly bespeaking thatP, P-DDE compound were found in all cord and maternal samples andP, P-DDT in about every cord and all maternal samples. Overall, there were highest degrees ofP, P-DDE, followed by 2nd and 3rd highest degrees detected wereP, P-DDD andP, P-DDT. In footings of correlativity coefficients analyses between DDT compounds in cord and maternal blood samples shown at table 2 below, important differences were observed. The ratios calculated ofP, P-DDE,P, P-DDD andP, P-DDT were less than 1, thereby meaning high correlativity coefficients. Whereas, the ratio for O, P-DDE was higher than 1, meaning low correlativity coefficients, and in conclusion the ratio forO, P-DDT was & gt ; 0.05 P rendering it non-significant for analysis. Therefore, acocording to Sapbamrer et Al. ( 2008 ) , the analysis of correlativity coefficients between DDT compounds in cord and maternal samples showed the ability of DDT chemicals to be transmitted from female parents to foetuss via placenta with respects to metabolic rate alteration, blood flow and lipid content of mother-infant. Note 1.The writers show concentrate on marked % DDT detected on DDT compounds highest to lowest such asP, P-DDE,P, P-DDD andP, P-DDT. Note 2.For the ratios ofP, P-DDE,P, P-DDD andP, P-DDT lower than 1 show high correlativity coefficients, whileO, P-DDT compound show opposite consequences andO, P-DDE as non-significant. Review/Discussion All research surveies mentioned above yielded the presence of DDT compound found in the samples. Despite the forbiddance of DDT usage in agricultural activities and malarial control plan, DDT win an ability to prevail in environments for long periods of clip, the exposure and taint of the chemical is inevitable, and notably can be transmitted through nutrient concatenation ( Sapbamrer et al. , 2008 ) . DDT degrees found in breastmilk from Brazilian female parents, indicated that the chemical was transmitted from their fish diet, as suggested by Azeredo et Al. ( 2008 ) . Consumption of fish is considered a good beginning of DDT and other pesticides. The presence of DDT in the fishes in Brazilian Amazon can be accounted due to malarial vector control used in those countries. Babies are high hazard to malarial transmittal, and there are factors that have to be considered to minimise the inauspicious effects on their wellness. The chief factor would be the usage of malaria control at chemical degrees transcending acceptable sums. As evident in the tabular array below, utilizing the appraisal and consideration of World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme ( WHOPES ) , the consumptions exceed maximal acceptable degree consumptions found in chest milk samples ( Bouwman et al. , 2006 ; Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) . Therefore these transcending degrees of DDT will bring on inauspicious effects on babies, convincingly proven a menace to encephalon and endocrinal systems ( Walter et al. , 2005 ) . Toxicological grounds shows endocrine upsets on unsafe high sums of DDT exposure, this can be shown in the drumhead chart below. Malaria remains to be a hard job to eliminate with no side effects. Although Indoor residuary crop-dusting ( IRS ) could be effectual, the method is improbable to raise the full malaria mortality in babies and kids. DDT spraying induces addition in pre-term births, early-weaning and besides chiefly affects the female parents as bearers to convey DDT to their foetus, babies via nutrient concatenation ( Sapbamrer et al. , 2008 ; Walter et al. , 2005 ) . The effects such as lessening in musculus, neurological defects, delayed pubescence, behavioral defects and generative defects possibly contributed as wellness menaces to babies when exposed to high degrees of DDT via breastmilk ( Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) . Note.The writers by and large show that entire DDT collected from breastmilk samples exceeds the acceptable consumption bound. Note.This is a sum-up of the hurtful wellness hazards contributed by DDT compounds, with relation to babies. Conclusion/ Future positions It is safe to reason that babies under malarial control conditions are however exposed to chemical combinations particularly DDT, that would hold inauspicious effects if the consumptions were high plenty, likely to be above acceptable consumptions suggested by WHO. DDT is non precisely unsafe if the usage of it follows proper wellness policies that is much below the maximal consumption, yet can still continue the bound to command malaria. Breastfeeding is a good illustration of DDT residue scrutiny from female parent to infant, to demo that transmittal is really critical and usage of DDT should be maintained at a certain bound that will decrease wellness hazards of dwellers. However, a possible note to be considered in future surveies will be the opposition to DDT chemical of septic mosquitoes, and how they can come upon happening better methods alternatively of increasing the DDT sum sprayed. An improved practical attack and effectual usage of chemicals to forestall deceases and inf ant wellness hazard should be farther implemented. The add-on of infant wellness and exposure of DDT through breastmilk to WHOPES safety consideration, IRS chemicals safety and guidelines and possible hazard decrease methods should be farther studied and improved if possible ( Bouwman et al. , 2009 ) .Plants CitedAzerado, A. , Torres, J. P. , De Freitas Fonseca, M. , Britto, J. , Bastos, W. , Silva, C. E. , . . . Malm, O. ( 2008 ) . DDT and its metabolites in chest milk from Madeira River basin in the Amazon, Brazil.Chemosphere, 73, S246-S251. Bouwman, H. , & A ; Kylin, H. ( 2009 ) .Malaria Control Insecticide Residues in Breast Milk: The Need to See Infant Health Risks.Retrieved October 1, 2014, from ProQuest: hypertext transfer protocol: //search.proquest.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/espm/docview/222658845/fulltext/698CF9ABCB774376PQ/1? accountid=14771 Bouwman, H. , Sereda, B. , & A ; Meinhardt, H. M. ( 2006 ) .Coincident presence of DDT and pyrethroid residues in human chest milk from a malaria endemic country in South Africa.Retrieved October 1, 2014, from University of Toronto Libraries: hypertext transfer protocol: //journals2.scholarsportal.info.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/02697491/v144i0003/902_spodapmeaisa.xml Rogan, W. J. , & A ; Chen, A. ( 2005 ) . Health hazards and benefits of Bi ( 4-chlorophenyl ) -1,1,1-trichloroethane ( DDT ) .Environmental Sciences amd Pollution Management, 366, 763-770. Retrieved from www.thelancet.com Sapbamrer, R. , Prapamontol, T. , Prakobvitayakit, O. , Vaneesorn, Y. , Manklabruks, A. , & A ; Hock, B. ( 2008 ) . Placental transportation of DDT in mother-infant braces from Northern Thailand.Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 484-489. 1

Vaccines The Most Wonderful Time For A Parent - 1836 Words

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